Skip to main content

Diabetes is a chronic condition that has become increasingly prevalent in today’s society. Whether you have been recently diagnosed with diabetes, have a loved one living with the condition, or simply want to expand your knowledge, this article aims to provide valuable insights into diabetes, its types, symptoms, diagnosis, and management strategies.

In Australia, 4.8 percent or 1.1 million individuals had diabetes that had been reported to exist in 2011–12.

A report from NIH analysis conducted in 2019, the findings indicate that approximately one out of twenty Australians suffer from diabetes, with type 2 diabetes accounting for the greatest percentage (86%) of cases.

 

Book Online Telehealth Appointment

 

Defining Diabetes:

Diabetes, often referred to as diabetes mellitus, is a condition that disrupts the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar levels properly. Glucose, obtained from the breakdown of carbohydrates in the diet, serves as the primary source of energy for the body’s cells. Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, plays a crucial role in facilitating the entry of glucose into cells, allowing it to be utilized for energy production. Shared below are different types of diabetes:

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes or juvenile diabetes, is an autoimmune disease that typically develops in childhood or adolescence. In this disorder, the body’s defense system accidentally targets and kills the pancreatic cells that make insulin. As a result, the body cannot produce sufficient insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels.

Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for the majority of cases. It usually occurs in adulthood, although it is increasingly being diagnosed in younger individuals. In type 2 diabetes, the immune system either stops producing sufficient amounts of insulin to cater for the organism’s requirement or develops a resistance to the adverse consequences of insulin.

The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research have reported that overweight and aging have a substantial correlation with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes affects 1.3 million individuals in Australia, and its prevalence is rising.

Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and affects approximately 2-10% of pregnant women. Hormonal changes and increased insulin resistance during pregnancy can lead to elevated blood sugar levels. Although gestational diabetes usually resolves after childbirth, it increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes in the future.

In 2019, a review study published in Australian Institute of Health and Welfare depicts that the number of women receiving a diagnosis of gestational diabetes in Australia has been  increased from 5 to 15 percent during 2000-01 and 2016-17, with significant spikes beginning in 2012-13.

Pre-diabetes

Glucose levels that are beyond usual but not sufficiently elevated to be categorized as Type 2 diabetes are called pre-diabetes. It acts as an early indication and a chance to adjust one’s habits in order to avoid or delay the beginning of Type 2 diabetes.

In 2007, researchers have published in The Medical Journal of Australia that Roughly 16.4 percent of Australian individuals have pre-diabetes.

Other Forms of Diabetes

In addition to the main types mentioned above, there are other rarer forms of diabetes, including monogenic diabetes (caused by specific gene mutations), cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, and drug-induced diabetes. These forms have unique causes and treatment approaches and may require specialised medical care.

Signs and symptoms

Let’s explore the common symptoms associated with diabetes, both Type 1 and Type 2, and their importance of early detection. These are given below:

Increased Thirst and Frequent Urination

Excessive thirst, known as polydipsia, is a classic symptom of diabetes. Individuals may find themselves constantly reaching for a glass of water, as their body attempts to flush out excess sugar through urine. This excessive urination, known as polyuria, can lead to increased trips to the bathroom, especially during the night.

Unexplained Weight Loss or Gain

Unexpected weight fluctuations can be indicative of diabetes. Unexplained weight loss can occur in individuals with Type 1 diabetes due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose for energy, resulting in the breakdown of muscle and fat. Conversely, individuals with Type 2 diabetes may experience weight gain due to insulin resistance, which promotes the storage of excess glucose as fat.

Fatigue and Lack of Energy

Persistent fatigue and feeling excessively tired are common symptoms of diabetes. When cells do not receive sufficient glucose, the body lacks energy, leading to constant fatigue and a general sense of low energy levels.

Increased Hunger

Despite eating adequately, individuals with diabetes may experience persistent hunger. This occurs because the body’s cells are unable to utilize glucose efficiently, leading to a constant feeling of hunger and craving for food.

Blurred Vision

Elevated blood sugar levels can affect the lens of the eye, leading to temporary changes in vision. Blurred vision or difficulty focusing can be an early warning sign of diabetes. Once blood sugar levels are properly controlled, vision usually returns to normal.

Slow Healing of Wounds

Diabetes can impair the body’s ability to heal wounds effectively. Even minor cuts or sores may take longer to heal than usual. High blood sugar levels can negatively impact blood circulation and the immune system, prolonging the healing process.

Tingling Sensations and Numbness

Prolonged periods of uncontrolled diabetes can cause nerve damage, leading to a condition known as diabetic neuropathy. This can result in tingling sensations, numbness, or a loss of sensation, typically starting in the feet and gradually spreading to other parts of the body.

Recurring Infections

Diabetes can impair immunological function, increasing a person’s susceptibility to illnesses. Frequent urinary tract infections, yeast infections, or skin infections that take longer to heal may be signs of underlying diabetes.

Diagnosis and Testing

Here we will discuss the diagnostic procedures commonly used to detect diabetes.

Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Test

The fasting plasma glucose test is one of the primary methods used to diagnose diabetes. It measures the level of glucose in the blood after an overnight fast. Typically, a fasting period of at least 8 hours is required before the blood sample is taken. A blood glucose level of 7.0mmol/L or higher on two separate occasions indicates the presence of diabetes.

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

The oral glucose tolerance test is often used to diagnose gestational diabetes and can also be employed to diagnose Type 2 diabetes. This test involves fasting for at least 8 hours, followed by the consumption of a glucose-rich beverage. Blood samples are then taken at specific intervals to measure how the body metabolizes glucose. The medical diagnosis of diabetes is confirmed by blood sugar levels of 11.1mmol/L or greater after a period of two hours.

Glycated Hemoglobin (A1c) Test

The A1c test provides an indication of average blood sugar levels over the past two to three months. It measures the percentage of hemoglobin in the blood that is glycated (bound to glucose). A result of 6.5% or higher on two separate tests typically indicates diabetes. The A1c test is particularly useful for long-term monitoring of blood sugar control in individuals with diagnosed diabetes.

Random Plasma Glucose Test

The random plasma glucose test involves a blood sample taken at any time, regardless of when the person last ate. A blood glucose level of 11.1mmol/L or higher, combined with the presence of diabetes symptoms such as increased thirst and urination, unexplained weight loss, or fatigue, may suggest diabetes. However, a confirmatory test is usually required.

Targeted Testing for At-Risk Individuals

Certain individuals with risk factors for diabetes may undergo targeted testing, even in the absence of symptoms. Risk factors include being overweight or obese, having a family history of diabetes, being physically inactive, or belonging to certain ethnic groups with higher prevalence rates.

Repeat Testing and Confirmatory Tests

In most cases, a positive result on a diagnostic test needs to be confirmed with a second test on a different day. This helps minimize the chances of misdiagnosis due to temporary fluctuations in blood sugar levels. The repeat test should be performed using the same method as the initial test.

Causes and risk factors

The complex interplay of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors commonly contribute to the development of diabetes. By raising awareness about these factors, we can empower individuals to make informed choices and adopt healthier lifestyles to reduce the risk of diabetes.

Genetic Factors

Genetics plays a significant role in diabetes susceptibility. In Type 1 diabetes, certain genes are believed to increase the risk of developing the condition. Although the precise triggers are unknown, factors such as family history and specific genetic variants contribute to the likelihood of developing Type 1 diabetes. In Type 2 diabetes, genetics also plays a role, with family history significantly influencing the risk of developing the disease.

Lifestyle Factors

Lifestyle choices have a profound impact on diabetes risk. Obesity and excess body weight are strongly associated with Type 2 diabetes. Adipose tissue, particularly visceral fat around the abdomen, contributes to insulin resistance, impairing the body’s ability to use insulin effectively. Sedentary behavior, lack of physical activity, and a predominantly sedentary lifestyle also increase the risk of developing diabetes.

Unhealthy Diet

An unhealthy diet high in refined carbohydrates, sugary beverages, processed foods, and saturated fats can contribute to the development of Type 2 diabetes. Such dietary choices lead to weight gain, insulin resistance, and impaired glucose metabolism.

Gestational Factors

Hormonal changes during pregnancy can lead to insulin resistance, resulting in elevated blood sugar levels.

Researchers say that Type 2 diabetes is going to occur in nearly fifty percent of women with pregnancy-related diabetes.

Ethnicity and Age

Certain ethnic groups, such as African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Asian Americans, have a higher predisposition to developing diabetes. Additionally, age is a risk factor, with the risk increasing as individuals get older. The likelihood of developing Type 2 diabetes tends to rise after the age of 45, although it is increasingly diagnosed in younger individuals due to lifestyle factors.

Complications of diabetes

The potential complications associated with diabetes are as follows:

Cardiovascular Complications

Heart disease and stroke are leading causes of mortality among individuals with diabetes. High blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels, leading to atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of the arteries), increasing the risk of heart attacks, angina, and other cardiovascular problems.

Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetes can cause damage to the blood vessels in the retina, leading to a condition called diabetic retinopathy. If left untreated, it can result in vision impairment and even blindness.

Kidney Disease (Diabetic Nephropathy)

Diabetic nephropathy is a form of kidney damage that is frequently brought on by diabetes. Elevated blood sugar levels can damage the small blood vessels in the kidneys, impairing their ability to filter waste and excess fluids effectively.

Neuropathy

Diabetic neuropathy refers to nerve damage caused by prolonged periods of uncontrolled diabetes. It most commonly affects the nerves in the feet and legs but can also impact other areas of the body.

Foot Complications

Foot problems, such as infections, ulcers, and poor wound healing, are common in individuals with diabetes. Nerve damage and reduced blood flow to the feet can lead to complications that may require amputation if not managed properly.

Skin Complications

Diabetes can affect the health of the skin, leading to conditions such as bacterial or fungal infections, dry skin, and slow wound healing. Maintaining good blood sugar control, practicing proper skincare, and promptly addressing any skin issues are vital in preventing or managing skin complications.

Mental Health Challenges

Living with diabetes can also have a significant impact on mental health. The constant management, stress, and emotional toll can contribute to anxiety, depression, and diabetes-related distress. Seeking support from healthcare professionals, loved ones, and support groups can help individuals cope with the emotional aspects of living with diabetes.

Treatment and Managing diabetes

The treatment of diabetes focuses on managing blood sugar levels, promoting overall well-being, and minimizing the risk of long-term complications. By implementing these strategies, individuals can take control of their health and thrive with diabetes.

Behavior Modifications

Behavior modifications are the foundation of diabetes treatment. These include:

  • Healthy eating habits,
  • Regular physical activity
  • Weight management

A balanced diet rich in whole foods, portion control, carbohydrate counting, and reducing the intake of processed foods and sugary beverages are essential. Engaging in regular exercise, such as walking, jogging, or cycling, helps improve insulin sensitivity and maintain a healthy weight.

Oral Medications

For individuals with Type 2 diabetes, oral medications may be prescribed to help manage blood sugar levels. These medications work in various ways, such as stimulating insulin production, reducing glucose production in the liver, or improving insulin sensitivity in cells. It is crucial to take these medications as prescribed, follow up with regular check-ups, and communicate any concerns or side effects to your healthcare provider.

Injectable Medications

In some cases, injectable medications may be used in combination with or as an alternative to oral medications. These medications, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists or SGLT-2 inhibitors, work to lower blood sugar levels, promote weight loss, and improve overall glycemic control. Injectable medications are typically self-administered using pens or syringes and may require specific instructions and regular monitoring.

Insulin Therapy

Insulin therapy is a crucial treatment option for individuals with Type 1 diabetes and may be necessary for some individuals with Type 2 diabetes. Insulin is injected using syringes, insulin pens, or insulin pumps. Different types of insulin are available including

  • Long-acting
  • Rapid-acting
  • Intermediate-acting insulin

Insulin therapy aims to mimic the body’s natural insulin production and is tailored to individual needs based on blood sugar monitoring and lifestyle factors.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) and Insulin Pumps

Emerging technologies such as CGM and insulin pumps offer advanced methods of diabetes management. CGM devices continuously monitor glucose levels and provide real-time readings, helping individuals make informed decisions regarding medication, food choices, and physical activity. Insulin pumps deliver insulin continuously, providing precise insulin dosing throughout the day, and can be adjusted based on lifestyle factors.

Regular Physical Activity

Physical activity is a cornerstone of diabetes management. Engaging in regular exercise helps in:

  • lower blood sugar levels
  • improves insulin sensitivity
  • aids weight management
  • enhances overall well-being

Incorporate strengthening training sessions into your weekly plan combined with a minimum of two hours of moderately intense aerobic exercise. Choose activities you enjoy, such as walking, cycling, swimming, or dancing, and incorporate them into your daily routine.

Stress Management

Glucose levels and general health are frequently impacted by stress. Develop effective stress management techniques such as deep breathing exercises, meditation, yoga, or engaging in hobbies and activities that bring joy and relaxation. Prioritize self-care, maintain a healthy work-life balance, and seek support from family, friends, or support groups to cope with the emotional aspects of living with diabetes.

Regular Monitoring and Self-Care

Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels, blood pressure, cholesterol, and kidney function is crucial for diabetes management. Self-care practices such as proper foot care, regular dental check-ups, eye examinations, and vaccination updates are essential components of comprehensive diabetes treatment.

Key Takeaway

Diabetes is not a one-size-fits-all condition. Understanding the different types of diabetes is crucial for effective management and treatment. By raising awareness about the different types of diabetes, we can promote early diagnosis, personalized treatment plans, and improved quality of life for individuals living with this chronic condition. It is important to consult a healthcare professional if you experience symptoms or have risk factors for diabetes. Remember, the key to early diagnosis and intervention is successful management and prevention of complications associated with diabetes.

Quinoa Breakfast BowlQUINOA BREAKFAST BOWL

PREP TIME: 5 minutes

COOK TIME: 15 minutes

TOTAL TIME: 20 minutes

SERVING: 1

INGREDIENTS:

  • 1/2 cup cooked quinoa
  • 1/2 cup unsweetened almond milk (or any milk of your choice)
  • 1/4 teaspoon cinnamon
  • 1/4 cup mixed berries (such as blueberries, strawberries, and raspberries)
  • 1 tablespoon chopped nuts (such as almonds, walnuts, or pecans)
  • 1 tablespoon unsweetened shredded coconut
  • 1 teaspoon honey or maple syrup (optional, for added sweetness. 5 drops of maple flavoured stevia liquid can be used instead of honey/maple syrup)

PREPARATION:

  • In a small saucepan, combine cooked quinoa, almond milk, and cinnamon.
  • Heat over medium heat, stirring occasionally, until the mixture is warmed through.
  • Transfer the quinoa mixture to a bowl.
  • Top with mixed berries, chopped nuts, shredded coconut, and drizzle with honey or maple syrup if desired.
  • Stir gently to combine all the ingredients.
  • Serve the quinoa breakfast bowl warm.

NUTRITIONAL FACTS:

Calories: 300

Fat: 10g

Carbohydrates: 43g

Fiber: 7g

Protein: 10g

Learn more about our Diabetes Nutrition Services!

References:

  1. Ferri FF. Diabetes mellitus. In: Ferri’s Clinical Advisor 2022. Elsevier; 2022. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed May 7, 2022.
  2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of medical care in diabetes — 2022. Diabetes Care. 2022; doi:10.2337/dc22-S002.
  3. Papadakis MA, et al., eds. Diabetes mellitus. In: Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2022. 61st ed. McGraw Hill; 2022. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Accessed May 4, 2022.
  4. Diabetes risk factors. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/risk-factors.html. Accessed June 2, 2022.
  5. Cunningham FG, et al. Diabetes mellitus. In: Williams Obstetrics. 25th ed. McGraw-Hill Education; 2018. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Accessed June 2, 2022.
  6. Diabetes and DKA (ketoacidosis). American Diabetes Association. https://www.diabetes.org/diabetes/dka-ketoacidosis-ketones. Accessed May 4, 2022.
  7. Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Complementary and alternative medicine for diabetes. Canadian Journal of Diabetes. 2018; doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.10.023.
  8. Nimmagadda R. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic. June 16, 2022.
  9. Jameson JL, et al., eds. Diabetes mellitus: Diagnosis, classification and pathophysiology. In: Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 20th ed. McGraw-Hill Education; 2018. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com. Accessed June 2, 2022.
  10. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of medical care in diabetes — 2022. Diabetes Care. 2022; doi:10.2337/dc22-S009.
  11. Facilitating behavior change and well-being to improve health outcomes: Standards of medical care in diabetes — 2022. Diabetes Care. 2022; doi:10.2337/dc22-S005.
  12. AskMayoExpert. Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Mayo Clinic; 2021.
  13. Glycemic targets: Standards of Medical Care in diabetes — 2022. Diabetes Care. 2022; doi:10.2337/dc22-S012.
  14. Comprehensive medical evaluation and assessment of comorbidities: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes — 2022. Diabetes Care. 2022; doi:10.2337/dc22-S004.
  15. Prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes and associated comorbidities: Standards of Medical Care in diabetes — 2022. Diabetes Care. 2022; doi:10.2337/dc22-S003.
  16. Obesity and weight management for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes — 2022. Diabetes Care. 2022; doi:10.2337/dc22-S008.
  17. Diabetes technology. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes — 2022. 2022; doi:10.2337/dc22-S007.
  18. Merck Manual: Consumer Version. Diabetes Mellitus (DM). (https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-dm-and-disorders-of-blood-sugar-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm?query=diabetes) Accessed 2/17/2023.
  19. Sapra A, Bhandari P. Diabetes Mellitus. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551501/) 2022 Jun 26. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Accessed 2/17/2023.
  20. U.S. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Diabetes. (https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/) Accessed 2/17/2023.
  21. U.S. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. What is Diabetes? (https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes) Accessed 2/17/2023.